WASHINGTON—The International Monetary Fund (IMF) warned on Tuesday that colliding pressures from inflation, war-driven energy and food crises, and sharply higher interest rates were pushing the world to the brink of recession and threatening financial market stability.
In gloomy reports issued at the start of the first in-person International Monetary Fund and World Bank annual meetings in three years, the IMF urged central banks to keep up their fight against inflation despite the pain caused by monetary tightening and the rise in the U.S. dollar to a two-decade high, the two main drivers of a recent bout of financial market volatility.
Cutting its 2023 global growth forecasts further, the IMF said in its World Economic Outlook that countries representing a third of world output could be in recession next year.
“The three largest economies, the United States, China, and the euro area, will continue to stall,” Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, the IMF’s chief economist, said in a statement. “In short, the worst is yet to come, and for many people, 2023 will feel like a recession.”
The IMF said Global GDP growth next year will slow to 2.7 percent, compared, down from its July forecast of 2.9 percent, as higher interest rates slow the U.S. economy, Europe struggles with spiking gas prices, and China contends with continued COVID-19 lockdowns and a weakening property sector.
The global lender maintained its 2022 growth forecast at 3.2 percent, reflecting stronger-than-expected output in Europe but a weaker performance in the United States, after torrid 6.0 percent global growth last year as the COVID-19 pandemic eased.
Some key European economies will fall into “technical recession” next year, including Germany and Italy, as energy price spikes and shortages slam output. China’s growth outlooks also were downgraded as it struggles with continued COVID-19 lockdowns and a weakening property sector, where a deeper downturn would slow growth further, the IMF said.
The growing economic pressures, coupled with tightening liquidity, stubborn inflation, and lingering financial vulnerabilities, are increasing the risks of disorderly asset repricings and financial market contagions, the IMF said in its Global Financial Stability Report.
“It’s difficult to think of a time where uncertainty was so high,” Tobias Adrian, the IMF’s monetary and capital markets director, told Reuters in an interview. “We have to go back decades to see so much conflict in the world, and at the same time inflation is extremely high.”
Finance officials from the IMF’s 190 member countries this week are grappling with these uncertainties from differing economic positions in Washington, along with food and energy crises prompted by the war in Ukraine.
Priority: Inflation
The IMF said central bankers had a delicate balancing act to fight inflation without over-tightening, which could push the global economy into an “unnecessarily severe recession” and heap economic pain on emerging markets that are seeing their currencies fall sharply against the dollar.
But Gourinchas said controlling inflation was the bigger priority and letting up too soon would undermine central banks’ “hard-won credibility.”
“What we are recommending is that central banks stay the course. Now that doesn’t mean that they should accelerate compared to what they’ve been doing,” Gourinchas said in a news conference, adding that it was “a bit early” to shift course.
“I think right now our advice is, ‘let’s make sure we see a decisive decline in inflation.'”
The IMF forecast that global headline consumer price inflation would peak at 9.5 percent in the third quarter of 2022, declining to 4.7 percent by the fourth quarter of 2023.
But the outlook could darken considerably if the world economy is hit by a “plausible combination of shocks,” including a 30 percent spike in oil prices from current levels, the IMF said, pushing global growth down to 1.0 percent next year—a level associated with widely falling real incomes.
Other components of this “downside scenario” include a steep drop-off in Chinese property sector investment, a sharp tightening of financial conditions brought on by emerging market currency depreciations, and a continued overheating of labor markets that results in lower potential output.
The IMF put a 25 percent probability of global growth falling below 2 percent next year—a phenomenon that has occurred only five times since 1970—and said there was more than a 10 percent chance of a global GDP contraction.
By David Lawder and Pete Schroeder
